Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications

Advantages Precise point position has been defined as a method used to establish the accurate position by the aid of global positioning system (Ovstedal, 2002). One major advantage of precise GNSS or GPS is that the application results to tremendous cutting down of coasts in terms of labour and equipment. Similarly logistics for operations are also minimized because the system does not need the services of ground based stations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cutting of costs has seen to it that the money saved can be used to improve the technology. Additionally, it is worth remembering that using the technology has helped engineers have data that are less erroneous. This is because precise positioning using GNSS and GPS is capable of estimating the receiver clock as well as the atmospheric and tro pospheric effects attributes as well as the parameters for geographic coordinates. For this reason it offers another way of providing users with accurate time transfer that can be used to establish water vapour by use of the receiver. The data with high degree of accuracy are applicable in airborne mapping, engineering among others. According to Zumberge, et. al., 1998 another benefit of the technology is that it only involves one GPS receiver therefore users are not compelled to construct a ground local base station. With this regards, it thus removes the ‘spatial operating range limit’ and the problem of simultaneously observing both the rovers as well as local base receivers. On the lime line of reasoning, GNSS and GPS have been viewed as global positioning technique since the ultimate results are termed as a global reference frame. For that matter it offers users with a higher degree of consistency. It is worth noting that precise GNSS/GPS position and application b rings with it the advantage of high degree of reliability. Although a single receiver is used, the increased redundancy of data collected usually helps in establishing wrong measurements. Similarly there is improved geometry as well as convergence time. Lastly the technology has dual frequency observation which helps in coming up with ionosphere-free linear combination of original observations thus doing away with the effects of ionosphere (Ovstedal, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages It has been noted with concern that when dealing with indifference observation in precise GNSS/GPS positioning there is no possibility of correcting the carrier phase ambiguities. This means that these ambiguities need to be always approximated in what is referred to as float solution (Leandro Santos, 2006). It is worth remembering that the initialization time of about 20 minute s need for the float position to be converged into centimetre accuracy has led to a limited application of GNSS/GPS data in applications that require real time data. As suggested by Niell, 1996 another problem with precise GNSS/GPS positioning is that the coordinates generated are usually in the same global reference frame as that of the sending satellite. Considering the fact that the user might need to change the coordinates into either local or regional frames so that it can be applicable to various mapping application; the process of transformation is quite challenging and might result to serious errors if the user is not careful. It is also with mentioning that the technique calls for unconventional corrections aimed at mitigating systematic errors which affects centimetre accuracy. Issues addressed include offset of the satellite antenna, site displacement effects among others. Due to the fact that the corrections are irregular, data generated by two individuals might be diffe rent (Kouba Heroux, 2001). References Kouba, J. Heroux, P., 2001. GPS Precise Point Positioning Using IGS Orbit Products, GPS Solutions, vol.5, no.2, pp. 12-28. Leandro, F. Santos, M., 2006. Wide area based precise point positioning. Proceedings of ION GNSS 2006, 26–29 September 2006. Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 2272–2278.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Niell, A., 1996. Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths. J Geophys Res, vol. 101, no. B2, pp. 3227–3246. Ovstedal, O., 2002. Absolute Positioning with Single Frequency GPS Receivers, GPS Solutions, vol.5, no.4, pp. 33-44. Zumberge, J., Heflin, M., Jefferson, C., Watkins, M. Webb, F., 1998. Precise Point Positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks, J. Geophysical R esearch, vol.102, no. B3, pp. 5005-5017. This essay on Advantages and disadvantages of Precise GNSS /GPS Positioning and Applications was written and submitted by user Casen Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

True or False essays

True or False essays In this paper I attempt to explain Strawsons neither true nor false argument against Russells theory of descriptions. In order to explain this I will first give the relevant parts of Russells theory of descriptions that Strawson addresses as having problems. Then I will give Strawsons theory of descriptions. Finally I will compare the two theories showing where the arguments differ, and why Strawson believed there was a problem with Russells theory. After giving Strawsons conclusion I will then assess Strawsons argument stating whether or not it was successful. In Russells theory of descriptions he addresses a problem that arises in finding the truth value of certain sentences. Consider the following statement; The director of E.T. is tall. In order for the sentence to meet the requirements of truth conditions the sentence has to have the ability to be shown true or false. Then the object of reference must hold a certain relation. So in the example if the director of E.T. is tall then sentence is true. However, if the director of E.T. is not tall then the sentence is false. Yet what happens when there is no object of reference at all. In line with the following example, what happens if there is no director of E.T.? If there is no director of E.T. then deciding whether he/she is tall would prove rather difficult. In order to overcome this problem Russell says that we must reveal the underlying structure for sentences of this type. We must consider the sentence not as it is, but we must convert it, and instead think of it existentially. There exists a director of E.T. and he holds the property or relation of being tall. What Russell has done is add an extra requirement in order to satisfy the truth conditions of the sentence. That requirement is to find the existence of a unique salient object of reference. In this case a person, who ex...

Crash by Paul Haggis Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crash by Paul Haggis - Movie Review Example From this study it is clear that the movie has proved to be quite interesting; it is quickly enough understood that who the characters are and how they live, but we wonder about their behaviour to each accident they face throughout the whole movie. Mostly for variations people watch movies which enact rituals. "Crash" on the other is a movie that shows free will, and that there are vast possibilities for anything to occur. The movie plays its vital part in wrapping the viewers and getting them involved because as we go on, we develop a sense of care for the characters.This paper highlights that Officer Hansen in the movie, in my opinion proves to be a very fascinating character. He is a white male who seemingly lived in a typical neighbourhood and fairly has the same normal views of an individual who comes from similar social background. Officer Hansen is a considerate young man who doesn’t care about people’s social indifference. He is completely dissimilar to his part ner Officer Ryan who doesn’t treat people of different race equally.  In the late beginning of the movie he encounters a conflict between his partner and a black couple where his partner took advantage of his position and tried to vulgarly abuse the black man’s wife just because of the racial difference which was highly disliked by Officer Hansen.  Officer Hansen is shown to be a common white man with a typical background.

Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks - Essay Example The paper talks us the story of Starbucks from very begining. By 1992, Starbucks had its initial public offering with 165 outlets. Today, Starbucks has almost 17,000 stores in over 50 countries. It has also taken over several companies including Seattle Coffee Company, Seattle's Best Coffee, Diedrich Coffee and Coffee People. Starbucks has also reduced product cost and waste but at the same time improved customer satisfaction. The profitability of their international business continues to improve through supply chain efficiencies. The primary market risk that Starbucks will face in the coming year is the commodity price risk of coffee and dairy products. Foreign exchange currency risk is also a concern because of its international operations. After an analysis of the financials of Starbucks, we can say that it is very good investment for the future because of its growth potential. Although its US market may already be saturated, its overseas market is not yet saturated. Its 40-year history of providing exceptional coffee, world-class customer experience, commitment to its partners (employees) and dedication as a responsible corporate citizen is more than enough reason to invest in the company. We are sure we can go wrong with Starbucks! Go to the store and try a good cup of coffee!

Critically analyze how successful the British government's use of Essay - 1

Critically analyze how successful the British government's use of Spending Reviews has been as a way of making government more - Essay Example From the chart it is evident that in the past government’s total expenditure persistently exceeded, often to a great extent, public sector revenues, forcing it to resort to borrowings. This situation is necessarily a temporary measure, because prolonged reliance on increasing levels of borrowing increases the default risk to the firm or the government. To ensure a sustainable financial approach, it is therefore important to control expenditures, for which an effective and responsive spending assessment process must be adopted. SRs and PES: How the SR system compares to the old PES system Before 1992, the level of government spending was ascertained through what are called annual Public Expenditure Surveys (PESs). The approach was fragmented and piecemeal because the Treasury negotiated bilaterally with each department. This prevented the government from developing a strategic outlook on the overall level of public spending and the balance or prioritization among its components . Another element that the PES was unable to do was to account for cyclicities among spending – that is, it does not distinguish which spending is cyclical and which is non-cyclical. This caused the total spending to ‘creep up’. ... s by lengthening the duration between PESs to three years, managing aggregate public spending in a top-down approach by specifying a ‘control total’ (i.e., government’s total planned spending), and distinguishing between DELs (departmental expenditure limits) and AMEs (annually managed expenditures). DELs cover those expenditures which government argues can be controlled, while AMEs are expenditures driven by demand which the government cannot effectively plan for, such as social security payments, debt interest, and the spending by local authorities. The Labour government came into power in 1997, and a year later the control totals system was replaced with a system that required departmental spending to be fixed for three years in Spending Review (SRs). There had been five such spending reviews, shown in the following diagram. Before each SR, the Economic and Fiscal Strategy Report determines the Total Managed Expenditure (TME), which is the expenditure by the en tire public sector and derived from the National Accounts. It is the TME which is divided into the two components earlier described, the DELs and the AME, and the DELs are thereafter allocated by departments. Both the DEL and the AME are divided each into capital spending, or spending that increases the public sector’s fixed assets, and resource spending which is spending on everything else. The Labour government criticized the control total method of budgeting under the 1992 framework as preventing departments from efficiently spending and investing money, based on the following reasons: (1) The control totals over three years is of an ‘indicative’ nature – that is, control totals for the second and third years are only advisory in nature, and may be, as they have often been, increased when felt

Terms of a Construction Contract

Terms of a Construction Contract Construction Contract What component parts are required for the formation of a contract? There are four components which are essential for the formation of a contract. They are: Offer, Acceptance, Consideration and Intention to create legal relationship What do we mean by terms of a contract? The terms of a contract are the statements that describe the rights and obligations of each party to the agreement. Terms are all the matters agreed between the parties about what is to be done, how it will be done and under what circumstances. Exactly what those terms are must be determined by the parties to the agreement. Terms are the elements of the contract. They are binding and carry legal consequences if they are broken. They can be divided into two categories: Implied Terms Expressed Terms. An express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract. Do all terms carry equal weight in law? If not what are the differing categories, and why is it important to categorise contract terms? No, not all terms carry equal weight in law. Lawyers divide contractual terms into warranties and conditions. There might be a third type, the inominate term (term without a name) Conditions are terms that go to the very root of a contract. Breach of these terms gives the right torepudiatethe contract, allowing the other party to discharge the contract. A warrantyis less imperative than a condition, so the contract will survive a breach. Breach of either a condition or a warranty will give rise todamages. Lord Diplock, inHong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd, created the concept of an innominate term, breach of which may or may not go to the root of the contract depending upon the nature of the breach. Breach of these terms, as with all terms, will give rise to damages. Whether or not it repudiates the contract depends upon whether legal benefit of the contract has been removed from the innocent party. Megaw LJ, in 1970, preferred the use of the classic categorizing into condition or warranty due tolegal certainty.This was interpreted by the House of Lords as merely restricting its application inReardon Smith Line Ltd. v Hansen-Tangen Terms can also be implied by common law(in fact), statute, by custom or trade, course of dealings What is the difference between expressed and implied terms? When are terms implied and what are the rules governing the inclusion of such terms? An express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract. The purpose of implied terms is often to supplement a contractual agreement in the interest of making the deal effective for the purpose of business, to achieve fairness between the parties or to relieve hardship. Terms may be implied into contract through statutes or by the courts. When implied by statute, Parliament may well make certain terms compulsory, example: Sales of Goods Act 1979 When terms are implied by courts, the general rule is that they can be excluded by express provision in any agreement. The courts have developed an apparent distinction between terms implied in fact and those implied in law. Terms implied in fact are said to arise when they are strictly necessary to give effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties. Terms implied in law are confined to particular categories of contract, particularly employment contracts or contracts between landlords and tenants, as necessary incidents of the relationship. What is meant when reference is made to a standard form of contract†? Standard Form Contracts are agreements that employ standardized, non-negotiated provisions, usually in preprinted forms. These are sometimes referred to as â€Å"boilerplate contracts,† contracts of adhesion, or take it or leave it contracts. The terms, often portrayed in fine print, are drafted by or on behalf of one party to the transaction – the party with superior bargaining power who routinely engages in such transactions. With few exceptions, the terms are not negotiable by the consumer. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure) Is there an alternative to a â€Å"standard form of contract†? There is an alternative to a standard form of contract, usually standard form of contracts can be modified, terms/clauses added/amended to suit a specific projects. Another form of contract is : Bespoke Contract How many â€Å"standard form contracts† do you know about? Is there one type of standard form – or is there more than one? There is more than one type of form of contract, namely: Joint Contractors Tribunal (JCT) New Engineering Contract (NEC) La Federation Internationale D’Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) Association of Consultant Architects (ACA Form of Contract; PPC 2000) Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) GC/Works/1 Contract for building and civil engineering major works ICE 7 Conditions of Contract Measurement Version Who publishes â€Å"standard form contracts† and how do you get one? Professional Registered Bodies (ACA, ACE, BPF, CIC, FIDIC, GC/Works, ICE, ICC, IChemE, IMechE, JCT, NEC (NEC3), PPC (PPC2000), RIBA, and RICS) publishes the standard form of contracts and they are subject to copyrights. You can buy hard copy and digital copies of the various standard forms from a number of external websites and specialist bookshops: ACA PPC2000. The PPC2000 may be bought from theACAs website. ACA Standard Form of Agreement for the Appointment of an Architect. The SFA may be bought from theACAs website. The 2012 version includes Construction Act 1996 amendments. ACE Agreements 2009. The ACE Agreements 2009 may be bought from theACEs website. BPF Consultancy Agreement Version 2. The BPFs Consultancy Agreement Version 2 is available to buy from the construction contracts section of theBPF website. Building Centre bookshop. The Building Centre bookshop stocks a variety of materials for the built environment, including a number of the standard form contracts published by the ACE, FIDIC, JCT, NEC and RICS. These are available to buyonline, or by visiting the bookshop on Store Street, London WC1E 7BT. Construction books direct. TheChartered Institute of Buildings(CIOB) online bookshop sells its own forms of contract, such as the CIOB Facilities Management Contract and CPC 2103, as well as other forms of contract. CIC Consultants Contract Package. The CICs Consultants Contract Package may be bought from the publication section of theCIC website. The second edition (November 2011) includes amendments prepared by the CIC to take account of the changes to the Construction Act 1996. FIDIC forms of contract. Copies of all of the FIDIC contracts may be bought from the bookshop on theFIDIC website. The  FIDIC MDB Harmonised Edition (Pink Book)is available to download free of charge. GC/Works. The GC/Works suite of construction contracts may be bought from the Stationary Officesonline bookshop. ICC conditions of contract. The Infrastructure Conditions of Contract (ICC) may be brought from theACEs website. The amendment sheet for the payment provisions to comply with the Construction Act 1996 (as amended) is free to download from itswebsite. ICE conditions of contract. With effect from 1 August 2011, the ICE conditions of contract have been replaced by the Infrastructure Conditions of Contract (ICC). The ICE contracts have been withdrawn from sale. SeeICC conditions of contractabove. IChemE forms of engineering contract. The IChemE forms of engineering contract may be bought from the shop on theIChemE website. The amendment sheets to comply with the Construction Act 1996 (as amended) are free to download from itswebsite. However, note that these have now been incorporated into the 2013 versions of its contracts. IMechE/IET model forms of contract. The model forms of contract and their commentaries can be bought from the publishing section of theIET website. MF/4 is available to download free of charge from theIMechE website. JCT standard forms of building contract. All of the JCT standard form building contracts and related contracts may be bought from the contracts section of theJCT website. Some amendments, updates and corrections may be free to download. NEC contracts. The NEC contracts are published by Thomas Telford, and may be bought from theNEC contracts website. RIBA bookshop. In addition to the RIBA professional forms of appointment, theRIBA bookshopstocks a range of publications on architecture, design and construction, a selection of standard form contracts (including GC/Works, JCT and NEC) and the building regulations. These are available to buy online, or may be bought by visiting one of the RIBA bookshops. The amendment sheets to comply with the Construction Act 1996 (as amended) are free to download from the RIBA bookshop. RICS bookshop. The RICS forms of appointment are available to RICS members to buy from the knowledge section (practice standards and guidance) of theRICS website. Alternatively, copies of the forms of appointment may be bought from theRICS bookshop.

love is worth the inevitable pain Essay -- essays research papers

Love is Worth the Inevitable Pain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is not the typical Hollywood love film. A Hollywood love film is a film where a couple gets together in the end and lives happily ever after, but this is a love story that shows the reality of love and the consequences that come with it. Love is not one hundred percent bliss, it also comes with pain. To get rid of this pain after a break up or death a company, Lacuna, has invented a way to erase people from their memory. The two main characters in the movie fall in love and then they both decide to erase each other from their memories. Clementine, Kate Winslet, erases Joel, Jim Carrey, because she becomes bored with their relationship. Joel goes to the Barnes and Nobles where she works to see her and she has absolutely no idea who he even is. Joel probably would not have erased Clementine, but he found a card that told him he was erased from her memory and he did not think that he could go on with the memory of her. This film is completely different from a Hollywood version, at the end of this movie it leaves room for interpretation for the viewer to think for themselves whether Clementine and Joel will end up happily ever after, there are no clear answers. The scene begins with Joel and Clementine lying naked on a rug in the middle of the floor covered only by a repugnant quilt. The quilt has a tranquilizing effect however because of its warm colors, which is perfect for this scene. The colors of the quilt subconsciously give the feeling that everything is comfortable. As they are lying on the floor Clementine asks Joel if she is ugly. As soon as she asks the question the shot changes and it shows Joel instantly respond with an â€Å"uh huh,† in a manner saying no. The camera then goes to Clementine, but once she starts to speak, it instantly shows Joel again. Clementine tells Joel about how she remembers when she was little a little girl and she thought she was ugly, as the camera is still on a close up of Joel. Usually while someone is talking the camera would be on them, but in this scene the camera is on a close up of Joel while Clementine is talking to show his expressions and to see the sincerity of his emotions and the lo ve he has for Clementine. The next shot is a picture of Clementine when she was little. The picture of her is a somewhat average litt... ...something. I believe that this line is repeated to show a new beginning for their relationship, because this is a disclaimer that Clementine uses both times she meets Joel to warm him of the way that she is. Joel responds with â€Å"I can’t see anything that I don’t like about you.† Clementine says â€Å"But you will. You will think of things and I’ll get bored with you and feel trapped because that is what happened with me.† Joel says â€Å"OK† as if he is relieved, which Clementine promptly answers with â€Å"OK.† They both decide that they want to try and start over with their relationship even though they know that it probably will not work out because it has already failed once, but there is a possibility for it to succeed. They now understand that the risk they take to have a relationship and fail, is far greater than to not have even attempted to have one at all. The movie ends with the song â€Å"Change of Heart† playing while Clementine and Joel are walking in the snow towards their new beginning. The director is implying that they had a change of heart and that things in the end did work out for them to live together happily ever after, but not with out loves temporary and necessary glitches.

Issue Report on Captive Breeding and Reintroduction

Wildwood Trust is a project situated on the edge of the Forest of Blean, in Kent. Wildwood's aim is to use the facilities in the woodland and animal collection to ‘support practical conservation projects in the wild.' There are over three hundred animals, many of which are endangered, taking part in conservation projects, and living in semi natural enclosures. The woodland is managed by coppice rotation, a process that takes place every 20 years where trees such as silver birch and sweet chestnut are cut to ground level and then shoots allowed to regrow. This is an essential habitat for the hazel dormouse. The wood is a centre for captive breeding and reintroduction for native endangered species such as hazel dormice and this example will be used in this report to explain these issues. The Hazel Dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) The Hazel Dormouse is native to the countryside of Britain, predominantly southern England (see figure 2), living in woodland areas and environments rich in coppice. The mice are an arboreal species; spending the majority of their life in trees or bushes and only living on ground level during winter hibernation. The mice are considered a ‘flagship species' chosen to represent an environmental cause and raise support subsequently benefitting other species contained in the ecosystem. The populations of dormice were shown to have disappeared from seven counties in England by The UK Mammal Society Dormouse Survey in 1984. The decline has been caused by human destruction of their woodland habitat through development, climate change and pressure from other species. Grey squirrels were introduced into England and ate the nuts that the dormice fed on whilst they hibernated. Climatic change caused warmer winters resulting in the early awakening of the dormice from hibernation, before the ripening of their food, and wetter summers stopped the dormice from foraging. Dormice are listed on The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and are protected by law, under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. This act prevents the killing, injuring, disturbing or trapping of the dormouse. It also makes it illegal to possess or control the animal, damage its shelter and sell or buy the dormice without a licence. Captive breeding Captive breeding is the reproduction of animals in confinement under controlled conditions to be released into the wild. This is important for conservation of threatened species and is an example of ex situ (out of the natural habitat) conservation, but it raises implications. Captive breeding has taken place at Wildwood for dormice as part of the national dormouse captive breeding and reintroduction programme. The dormice are housed in an enclosure made of a wooden frame and mesh covering. Unlike other rodents theirs is a short breeding season having 1-2 small litters of 4-7 offspring. The young stay with the mother for 6-8 weeks, making it unlikely for more than one litter a year. In each enclosure the nest boxes are kept 1.5m off the ground with protection from water and predators, water and food are hung on the side of the cage and the floor is covered with leaves and soil. After hibernation the enclosure is filled with branches of vegetation to provide 3D space for the animals to use. This provides the ideal conditions for breeding with no stressful food finding. One enclosure can hold up to three individuals either two females and one male or one breeding pair and their offspring, under one year of age, and will be kept in the same groupings over winter. Adult males must be placed separately as they are territorial and will fight. Where do the breeding mice come from? In November nest boxes are checked and, if permission is granted from Natural England, wild dormice weighing less than 15g can be taken. As these mice are underweight they have less chance of surviving winter hibernation and can be kept indoors during this period in heated nest boxes. Other dormice are orphaned or given into rescue centres and vets. The Common Dormouse Captive Breeders Group (CDCBG) chooses which individuals breed and how many are bred annually, which also helps to prevent inbreeding. The Paignton zoo studbook keeper gives each captive born dormouse a stud book number, and their breeder will allocate each mouse a local ID number. Genetics When animals reproduce genes are passed from parents to offspring. Genetic variation is the natural differences of individuals, across a population. A characteristic that will give dormice a disadvantage, for example short teeth, could prevent them from opening nuts, so if food was in short supply these mice would die and longer teethed mice would thrive. This would cause the gene for longer teeth to become more common, which is the basis of natural selection. Natural selection, was a theory of Charles Darwin, in which better adapted animals would have more chance of survival, so becoming more predominant. Wildwood would like to preserve biodiversity which is the huge variation found within and between species and ecosystems on Earth. Offspring that are created from the same sets of genes will have similar genes to each other. Inbreeding is the breeding of animals that share more genes than the average population, they are related in some way. If inbreeding takes place the genes of their young will come from a very selective gene pool, making particular genes more predominant within a species. Inbreeding can lead to deformities and mutations as well as problems with immune systems and an increase in genetic diseases. ‘Inbreeding tends to reduce the number of alleles in a population', from source 1. A studbook for dormice was created in 2006 to keep track of mice kept by members of the CDCBG. The studbook limits inbreeding and keeps breeding to first generation or wild caught animals. Breeders can use the studbook to selectively breed, mixing mice from different collections and different families. This will stop related mice from dominating the gene pool creating healthier mice and preserving genetic diversity. Future developments could include implantation of embryos and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) of the dormice. Selective breeding could be improved and gradually undesirable characteristics or weaknesses bred out. Cloning could be developed. Captive breeding raises many ethical, environmental, social and economic issues. Ethical issues. * There are various ethical issues that need consideration with regard to captive breeding. Animals have to be removed from their natural environment and put into captivity virtually locking them up and many people feel that there should not be any interference with nature in this way even to avoid extinction. It could be the case that genetic diversity has already declined to the point where it is irreversible. * There could be a case for protection to encourage breeding in the wild, by in situ methods of conservation, within the environment. However, captive breeding is used to retain species and improve numbers and is easier to manage. * Selective breeding increases genetic variation and produces healthier populations also preventing inbreeding. This reduces deformities and mutations but should humans interfere with natural reproduction? Inbreeding would sometimes naturally occur and if the population was kept large enough this would not often happen. Economical Visitors pay an entrance fee at Wildwood and this money goes towards the captive breeding scheme. However, they do not see the programme taking place as they would disturb the dormice and interfere with hibernation and reproduction. It could be that unless the programme continues indefinitely a lot of investment may be lost if the numbers continue to decline. Environment Using dormice from different collections to breed may spread diseases to other populations of dormice. Reintroduction Reintroduction is releasing captive born animals into a particular environment to which they were once native and where they will be free from human supervision. Normally these populations experienced decline due to human intervention and will only succeed if the cause of the decline has been overcome. The reintroduction is considered successful if the animal has fully integrated into the local population and survived with no further aid or interaction from humans. Reintroduction projects must follow guidelines set out by the IUCN and Wildwood has released dormice back into their natural habitats. They use a soft release program, gradually using less human intervention. Seven weeks before release the litters are health screened at the Zoological Society and released if they pass the tests. Reintroduction is limited to once a year as criteria for suitable sites are extensive and complicated. The population densities are less than 10 adults per hectare in their best environments. What does the health screening test for? The health screening takes place to check the animals do not have any disease that could be passed onto wild populations. Scientists test for: * pathogenic bacteria * Tapeworms (cestodes) * Roundworms (strongyles) * Tubercolosis * Parasites The condition of the dormice's coat, skin, face, genitals, feet and incisor teeth are checked and their weight should be between 18-24g for summer re-introduction. 8mm Pet-ID microchips are fitted in the dormice under anaesthetic for identification in the future. Where is a dormouse released? An ideal site for the dormice†¦ would†¦ would not†¦ be an old wood with different layers of vegetation, already have a dormouse community (males may kill new dormice) have lots of undergrowth, have less than 100 nest boxes in the woodland. have deciduous trees, Place males less than 100m apart, as they are territorial. have coppicing taking place regularly, Have related dormice close by to stop inbreeding have fruiting hazel, Be at least 20 hectares, have a site management plan. Figure 4: Table showing an ideal site for dormouse reintroduction. How Wildwood release their dormice 1. Natural England is informed. 2. Pre-release cages made of wire are attached to a group of hazel trees. 3. 2-3 nest boxes placed in each cage, with a male and two females so there is more of a chance of the animals staying together. 4.Dormice then live in these whilst they acclimatise to the surroundings. 5. For 2-3 weeks humans supply fresh food everyday, during the day so the dormice are not disturbed. Also leafy branches are placed above pens to provide shade and protection from predators. 6. One week to 10 days into the three week period, a hole, less than 3cm2 is made in the top corner of the cage. The mice can then explore the area and there cage can not be invaded by birds or squirrels. 7. The frequency of feeding is reduced gradually until mid-September, when the animals should have found their own food supplies. 8. The nest boxes are checked until October, where weights and number of offspring are recorded. 9. Dormice are left to hibernate. 10. Monitoring begins in May. Figure 5: Stages of reintroduction What is monitored and when does it take place? A long term monitoring plan should be made before any reintroduction, so that the species will successfully survive in a wild environment. After release nest boxes are checked by trained and licensed volunteers, who record numbers, sex, weight, breeding condition and offspring. The volunteers monitor the nest once a month from April to October, between the 15th and 25th of each month. Data should be collected before midday so torpid dormice can be seen, and a National Dormouse Monitoring Programme Record From must be completed. Conditions of release * Winter cleaning of empty boxes. * Dormice are released in June to prepare for hibernation. Ethical There is an ethical duty for reintroduction because humans destroyed the dormice's natural habitat and caused the population decline so they should restore the population. However, should animals be returned to the wild when there are still outstanding issues that led to the original decline? Microchips are put into the necks of the released dormice which are approximately a tenth of their body length. Anaesthetic is risky for small animals and interferes with their natural state. The chips are considered important for monitoring the dormice to help with the programme. They could be eaten by a predator in the food chain and the microchip would be affecting natural processes. If the reintroduction is not successful and the mice die this could be due to human error and animals may have suffered as a result of this. Economical The scheme is expensive as the release is labour intensive, with staff needed to survey the area before and after release. This diverts resources from much more cost-effective ecosystem and habitat conservation measures. The health screening is expensive and microchips costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8 per mouse on top of anaesthetic and vetinary bills. Environmental The nest boxes and cages used can intrude on the natural woodland, with the possibility of dormice causing a shortage of food for the other animals in the ecosystem. Social Some behaviour in genetically inherited but some is learnt from adults and experience. Captive bred animals do not gain this knowledge and are at a disadvantage when reintroduced. The mice might lose their ability to create their own nests. The reintroduced dormice could cause a problem to the local residents.

PERFECT ESSAYS

PERFECT ESSAYS Every essay or another college or university writing assignment starts with basic choice of a writing topic. If you are being give a specific topic then you have to prepare all the necessary materials and present them in your written assignment. If you are in a position where you have to choose the topic personally for your perfect essays, then you should spend some time and do some research in order to choose the best topic to describe in your essay. So, in case the topic has not been assigned to your assignment, you face unlimited number of topic choices. How would you make a selection? What topic is mostly beneficial to write about? As you brain thinks over a variety of topic, you will find yourself going around a huge number of ideas that will all look attractive to you. Yet, you have to calm your mind and to use unprecedented logic. If you are still stuck in the topic choice, you can determine or see what is the main purpose or goal of your writing assignment. That will help you to form a list of related topics. Shortlist them going down to 3 major topics interesting for yourself. And start the writing process.

Grammar Done Right †Interview With Karen Reddick

Grammar Done Right – Interview With Karen Reddick Grammar Done Right Interview With Karen Reddick Grammar Done Right Interview With Karen Reddick By Sharon Karen Reddick runs the Red Pen Editor and is the author of Grammar Done Right. We asked her about her book and her views on writing and editing. Hi Karen, and welcome to Daily Writing Tips. Can you tell us a little about yourself? Hi, Sharon. Thank you for inviting me. I am a freelance book editor, specializing in nonfiction developmental, copyediting, and proofreading of books in the genre of business, how-to, self-help, political, and humor. I provide the same services for fiction in the genre of mystery, thriller, romance, and urban. I also offer author support for authors that have a book in them, but dont know what steps to take to get their book into published form. How did you get into editing? Finding typos has always been my gift. Its as if the mistakes jump off the page and land in my lap. I am also an avid reader, and I truly love words. I love how words come together to make sentences and sentences come together to make paragraphs and paragraphs come together to make stories. Ive always been fascinated with how good sentence structure can bring life to a story. I took my love for the written word and my ability to find mistakes and combined them to create The Red Pen Editor. What makes a good editor, in your opinion? To me, there are three types of editors: the educated, the experienced, and the gifted. A good editor should possess all three of these qualities. How did you come to write Grammar Done Right? Grammar Done Right! came about after I started a weekly Grammar Tips ezine back in 2005. By the end of 2007 I had over 100 tips on grammar and style usage. So, the logical next step was to take those grammar and writing tips and create a book. Now, nearing the end of 2008, Ill have 52 more tips to share. I believe there might be a Grammar Done Right! 2nd Edition in the near future. You describe it as The only reference book youll need to read. What about the book justifies that claim? My goal when writing the book was to make it as clear and concise as possible. A quick reference guide that anyone, from 5th grade to adult, could pick up and find an easy explanation for a certain grammar or style rule. The reference books I, and many others, use are those huge tomes that take forever to look up rules with impossibly long explanations of the rule that an average person cant understand. Therefore, Grammar Done Right! provides easy-to-find, and understand, references to the most common grammar and writing rules and puts them in a quick, commonsense format. I first found you through the Grammar Done Right comic strip. How and why did you come to do that? Somebody on Twitter posted a reference to Bitstrips.com. I went to the site out of curiosity. Im always looking for ways to promote my editing business and my book and something at this site just clicked. Plus, I believe laughter truly is the best medicine, so anything that I can create that might cause another person to smile, or laugh out loud, is okay by me. What kind of response has the strip had? All of my grammar comics have developed a strong following. I can also share the comics on my blog, on Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, Digg, and StumbleUpon. Thats great exposure! Whats the best advice you have ever had about writing or editing? Cut out unnecessary words! Your ultimate goal as a writer is to attract readers. Readers are busy people and most dont have time for leisure reading anymore. Write concise, to the point, and forget all the extra jargon. Your readers will love you for it. Whats the best advice you have ever given about writing or editing? Cut out unnecessary words and banish the adverb! Our language is filled with so many wonderful verbs, lets be creative and use them. Whats your favorite word at the moment and why? My favorite word right now is: Appreciation. Im all about being thankful and grateful for what I am given every day. The chance to wake up healthy, happy, and the freedom to create my own destiny. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

R Research Proposal How are Aggressive TV Cartoons Affecting Childrens Essay

R Research Proposal How are Aggressive TV Cartoons Affecting Childrens - Essay Example Children who liked aggressive cartoons exhibited a low level of moral reasoning and were more excited about seeing violent cartoons. They seemed to approve the behavior of the violent characters and gave explanations to justify their violent behavior. Being a primary source, this article is very reliable in helping one explain the effects of aggressive cartoons on children. The author targets an educated audience because of the language and structure used in the paper. This article will be of critical use in my research paper because it exhibits the reality of aggressive cartoons having adverse effects on children. The author of this article adopts an approach that is rarely used by other scholars in a bit to understand the effect of aggressive cartoons in children. The author sought to describe the gender specific impact of aggressive cartoons. Notably, it is evident that boys and girls present different frequencies of watching TV cartoons, and are affected differently by aggressive cartoons. The research focused on 300 students, a representative sample chosen from different schools. Face to face interviews were conducted in an effort to collect data concerning the views of children about the impact of violence oriented cartoons. According to the results, girls and boys had varying prevalence of their favorite cartoon programs. It emerged that male children registered a higher level of influence from violent cartoons compared to girls. Moreover, boys were more likely to imitate characters from violent cartoons. The author’s approach was successful and the source proofs to be highly rel iable because it is a primary research article. Since the author adopted a case study research, which focused on children in Turkey, the source can be used to explain the influence of TV cartoons in the region. In the research paper, these

Influence of the Western Roman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Influence of the Western Roman Empire - Essay Example Initially, Rome was a single city but later expanded to a great empire that controlled the Mediterranean coastal region. Roman period had two entities, the Republican Period and the Empire; each lasted for half a millennium. The empire was divided into Principate that lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE and autocracy from 284 to 395CE (Damerow Web). The Roman Empire began with Augustus. Emperors were the ruler of the empire. Christianity rose during the autocracy period and replaced paganism. In addition, monotheistic belief replaced polytheist cult system. The rise of the medieval period was because of Roman influence. Furthermore, the foundation of Roman Civilization was on Roman values and existed even before the rise of Christianity. Romans people were successful in various fields such as art, government, military organization, and public. They borrowed ideas from Greeks and Hellenistic world. This paper seeks to focus on the influence of the Western Roman Empire within the period from 200 BCE to 476 C. Many aspects of society that exist today have been influenced by ancient Rome. They range from law, democratic government practices, influence in language, literature, art, infrastructure, and city planning. The Western Roman Empire had a tremendous influence in law, religion, architecture, and culture. This was largely important within the period from 200 BCE to 476 CE. This influence was usually perpetuated during the Romans territorial expansion. This influence especially was based on areas it controlled the western Mediterranean. They also established legal code that formed part of western legal code. Moreover, their institutions, technology, and infrastructure continue to influence their successors in this region. The legacy of Western Roman Empire influence on culture was great. The significance of this transformation cannot be ignored as it ushered in the medieval period of history. There was a complete change of culture from the way people married, raised t heir children, and died. Actually, it resulted in a trans-valuation of all values. The most important aspect of culture was the transmission off Greek (Hellenistic) culture to the west. The Roman's were at their peak of cultural influence between 200 BCE and 200 CE. Romans were known of copying cultures and adopting them as their own. They adopted Latin as their language and were majorly used in the western world during this period. As a result, Latin became the official language of the Western Roman Empire. Latin formed the basis for Romance language after Germanic invasions in 4th and 5th centuries. The Romance Languages composed of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. At the time of decline of Western Roman Empire, the Catholic Church (monks) continued to preserve and transmit Greek texts and ideas. Latin also remained the language for the Roman Catholic Church and the second half of 20th century. Moreover, this language developed between 200 BCE to 476 CE continued to be us ed by the educated later in the centuries such as educated people. At this period, several other language adopted Latin words. Most of the medical, legal, philosophical, and scientific terms are based on Latin language. Additionally, Roman law dominated western side. This was based on the twelve tablets through the Corpus Juris Civils and was famous in 200 BCE to 476 CE. The Roman Catholic